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Williams JD, Bogan AE, Butler RS, Cummings KS, Garner JT, Harris JL, Johnson, NA, Watters GT. (2017). A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation. 20: 33–58.
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Williams JD, Bogan AE, Butler RS, Cummings KS, Garner JT, Harris JL, Johnson, NA, Watters GT
2017
A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada
Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation
20: 33–58
Publication
We present a revised list of freshwater mussels (order Unionida, families Margaritiferidae and Unionidae) of the United States and Canada, incorporating changes in nomenclature and systematic taxonomy since publication of the most recent checklist in 1998. We recognize a total of 298 species in 55 genera in the families Margaritiferidae (one genus, five species) and Unionidae (54 genera, 293 species). We propose one change in the Margaritiferidae: the placement of the formerly monotypic genus Cumberlandia in the synonymy of Margaritifera. In the Unionidae, we recognize three new genera, elevate four genera from synonymy, and place three previously recognized genera in synonymy. We recognize for the first time two species (one native and one nonindigenous) in the Asian genus Sinanodonta as occurring in North America. We recognize four new species and one subspecies and elevate 21 species from synonymy. We elevate 10 subspecies to species status and no longer recognize four subspecies. We change common names for five taxa, correct spelling for eight species, and correct the date of publication of original descriptions for four species.
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Actinonaias pectorosa (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Ortmanniana pectorosa (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Lampsilis pectorosa (Conrad, 1834) (status source)
Anodonta californiensis I. Lea, 1852 (status source)
Anodonta dejecta J. Lewis, 1875 accepted as Anodonta californiensis I. Lea, 1852 (source of synonymy)
Anodonta implicata Say, 1829 accepted as Utterbackiana implicata (Say, 1829) (new combination reference)
Anodontinae Rafinesque, 1820 accepted as Anodontini Rafinesque, 1820 (basis of record)
Anodontoides argenteus (I. Lea, 1840) (basis of record)
Anodontoides denigratus (I. Lea, 1852) (status source)
Cumberlandia Ortmann, 1912 (source of synonymy)
Cyclonaias Pilsbry, 1922 (status source)
Cyclonaias archeri (Frierson, 1905) accepted as Pustulosa archeri (Frierson, 1905) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias houstonensis (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias infucata (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Pustulosa infucata (Conrad, 1834) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias mortoni (Conrad, 1835) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Pustulosa nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias petrina (A. Gould, 1855) accepted as Pustulosa petrina (A. Gould, 1855) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Elliptio errans (I. Lea, 1857) accepted as Elliptio complanata ([Lightfoot], 1786) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio hepatica (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio judithae A. H. Clarke, 1986 accepted as Elliptio roanokensis (I. Lea, 1838) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio raveneli (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
Epioblasma aureola J. W. Jones & Neves, 2010 (basis of record)
Epioblasma curtisii (Frierson & Utterback, 1916) (basis of record)
Epioblasma gubernaculum (Reeve, 1865) (basis of record)
Epioblasma perobliqua (Conrad, 1836) (basis of record)
Epioblasma rangiana (I. Lea, 1838) (status source)
Epioblasma walkeri (C. B. Wilson & H. W. Clark, 1914) (status source)
Fusconaia askewi (W. A. Marsh, 1896) (source of synonymy)
Fusconaia chunii (I. Lea, 1861) (basis of record)
Lampsilis brittsi C. T. Simpson, 1900 (status source)
Lampsilis fullerkati R. I. Johnson, 1984 accepted as Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791) (source of synonymy)
Lampsilis reeviana brittsi (C. T. Simpson, 1900) accepted as Lampsilis brittsi C. T. Simpson, 1900 (status source)
Pleurobema altum (Conrad, 1854) (status source)
Popenais Frierson, 1927 accepted as Popenaias Frierson, 1927 (additional source)
Quadrula couchiana (I. Lea, 1860) (status source)
Rotundaria Rafinesque, 1820 accepted as Obovaria Rafinesque, 1819 (status source)
Rotundaria asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria infucata (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Pustulosa infucata (Conrad, 1834) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Cyclonaias nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Pustulosa nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria petrina (A. Gould, 1855) accepted as Pustulosa petrina (A. Gould, 1855) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Unio troostensis I. Lea, 1834 accepted as Venustaconcha troostensis (I. Lea, 1834) (status source)
Utterbackia heardi (M. E. Gordon & Hoeh, 1995) accepted as Utterbackiana heardi (M. E. Gordon & Hoeh, 1995) (new combination reference)
Utterbackiana Frierson, 1927 (status source)
Utterbackiana couperiana (I. Lea, 1840) (new combination reference)
Utterbackiana suborbiculata (Say, 1831) (new combination reference)
Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834) (basis of record)
Villosa perpurpurea (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
Anodonta californiensis I. Lea, 1852 (status source)
Anodonta dejecta J. Lewis, 1875 accepted as Anodonta californiensis I. Lea, 1852 (source of synonymy)
Anodonta implicata Say, 1829 accepted as Utterbackiana implicata (Say, 1829) (new combination reference)
Anodontinae Rafinesque, 1820 accepted as Anodontini Rafinesque, 1820 (basis of record)
Anodontoides argenteus (I. Lea, 1840) (basis of record)
Anodontoides denigratus (I. Lea, 1852) (status source)
Cumberlandia Ortmann, 1912 (source of synonymy)
Cyclonaias Pilsbry, 1922 (status source)
Cyclonaias archeri (Frierson, 1905) accepted as Pustulosa archeri (Frierson, 1905) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias houstonensis (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias infucata (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Pustulosa infucata (Conrad, 1834) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias mortoni (Conrad, 1835) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Pustulosa nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias petrina (A. Gould, 1855) accepted as Pustulosa petrina (A. Gould, 1855) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Cyclonaias succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (basis of record)
Elliptio errans (I. Lea, 1857) accepted as Elliptio complanata ([Lightfoot], 1786) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio hepatica (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio judithae A. H. Clarke, 1986 accepted as Elliptio roanokensis (I. Lea, 1838) (source of synonymy)
Elliptio raveneli (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Elliptio icterina (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
Epioblasma aureola J. W. Jones & Neves, 2010 (basis of record)
Epioblasma curtisii (Frierson & Utterback, 1916) (basis of record)
Epioblasma gubernaculum (Reeve, 1865) (basis of record)
Epioblasma perobliqua (Conrad, 1836) (basis of record)
Epioblasma rangiana (I. Lea, 1838) (status source)
Epioblasma walkeri (C. B. Wilson & H. W. Clark, 1914) (status source)
Fusconaia askewi (W. A. Marsh, 1896) (source of synonymy)
Fusconaia chunii (I. Lea, 1861) (basis of record)
Lampsilis brittsi C. T. Simpson, 1900 (status source)
Lampsilis fullerkati R. I. Johnson, 1984 accepted as Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791) (source of synonymy)
Lampsilis reeviana brittsi (C. T. Simpson, 1900) accepted as Lampsilis brittsi C. T. Simpson, 1900 (status source)
Pleurobema altum (Conrad, 1854) (status source)
Popenais Frierson, 1927 accepted as Popenaias Frierson, 1927 (additional source)
Quadrula couchiana (I. Lea, 1860) (status source)
Rotundaria Rafinesque, 1820 accepted as Obovaria Rafinesque, 1819 (status source)
Rotundaria asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias asperata (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias aurea (I. Lea, 1859) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria infucata (Conrad, 1834) accepted as Pustulosa infucata (Conrad, 1834) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa kleiniana (I. Lea, 1852) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Cyclonaias nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) accepted as Pustulosa nodulata (Rafinesque, 1820) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria petrina (A. Gould, 1855) accepted as Pustulosa petrina (A. Gould, 1855) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias refulgens (I. Lea, 1868) accepted as Cyclonaias pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Rotundaria succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Cyclonaias succissa (I. Lea, 1852) accepted as Pustulosa pustulosa (I. Lea, 1831) (new combination reference)
Unio troostensis I. Lea, 1834 accepted as Venustaconcha troostensis (I. Lea, 1834) (status source)
Utterbackia heardi (M. E. Gordon & Hoeh, 1995) accepted as Utterbackiana heardi (M. E. Gordon & Hoeh, 1995) (new combination reference)
Utterbackiana Frierson, 1927 (status source)
Utterbackiana couperiana (I. Lea, 1840) (new combination reference)
Utterbackiana suborbiculata (Say, 1831) (new combination reference)
Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834) (basis of record)
Villosa perpurpurea (I. Lea, 1861) accepted as Venustaconcha trabalis (Conrad, 1834) (source of synonymy)
English acornshell for Epioblasma haysiana (I. Lea, 1834)
English Alabama creekmussel [from synonym] for Strophitus connasaugaensis (I. Lea, 1858)
English Alabama heelsplitter for Lasmigona alabamensis A. H. Clarke, 1985
English Alabama hickorynut for Obovaria unicolor (I. Lea, 1845)
English Alabama lampmussel for Lampsilis virescens (I. Lea, 1858)
English Alabama mocassinshell for Medionidus acutissimus (I. Lea, 1831)
English Alabama orb [from synonym] for Cyclonaias asperata (I. Lea, 1861)
English Alabama pearlshell for Margaritifera marrianae R. I. Johnson, 1983
English Alabama rainbow [from synonym] for Villosa nebulosa (Conrad, 1834)
English Alabama spike for Elliptio arca (Conrad, 1834)
English Alewife Floater [from synonym] for Anodonta implicata Say, 1829
English Altamaha Arcmussel for Alasmidonta arcula (I. Lea, 1838)
English Altamaha lance for Elliptio shepardiana (I. Lea, 1834)
English Altamaha pocketbook for Lampsilis dolabraeformis (I. Lea, 1838)
English Altamaha slabshell for Elliptio hopetonensis (I. Lea, 1838)
English Altamaha spinymussel for Elliptio spinosa (I. Lea, 1836)
English angled riffleshell for Epioblasma biemarginata (I. Lea, 1857)
English Apalachicola ebonyshell for Reginaia apalachicola (J. D. Williams & Fradkin, 1999)
English Apalachicola floater for Utterbackiana heardi (M. E. Gordon & Hoeh, 1995)
English Apalachicola pondhorn for Uniomerus columbensis (I. Lea, 1857)
English Appalachian elktoe for Alasmidonta raveneliana (I. Lea, 1834)
English Appalachian monkeyface for Theliderma sparsa (I. Lea, 1841)
English Arkansas brokenray for Lampsilis reeveiana (I. Lea, 1852)
English Arkansas fatmucket for Lampsilis powellii (I. Lea, 1852)
English Atlantic pigtoe for Fusconaia masoni (Conrad, 1834)
English Atlantic spike for Elliptio producta (Conrad, 1836)
English bankclimber for Plectomerus dombeyanus (Valenciennes, 1827)
English barrel floater for Utterbackiana couperiana (I. Lea, 1840)
English birdwing pearlymussel for Lemiox rimosus (Rafinesque, 1831)
English black clubshell for Pleurobema curtum (I. Lea, 1859)
English black sandshell for Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819)
English bleedingtooth mussel for Venustaconcha pleasii (W. A. Marsh, 1891)
English bleufer for Potamilus purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819)
English box spike for Elliptio cistellaeformis (I. Lea, 1863)
English Brook Floater for Alasmidonta varicosa (Lamarck, 1819)
English brother spike for Elliptio fraterna (I. Lea, 1852)
English butterfly for Ellipsaria lineolata (Rafinesque, 1820)
English California floater for Anodonta californiensis I. Lea, 1852
English Caney fork rainbow [from synonym] for Villosa sima (I. Lea, 1838)
English Canoe Creek clubshell for Pleurobema athearni Gangloff, J. D. Williams & Feminella, 2006
English Cape Fear spike for Elliptio marsupiobesa Fuller, 1972
English Carolina creekshell [from synonym] for Villosa vaughaniana (I. Lea, 1838)
English Carolina elktoe for Alasmidonta robusta A. H. Clarke, 1981
English Carolina heelsplitter for Lasmigona decorata (I. Lea, 1852)
English Carolina lance for Elliptio angustata (I. Lea, 1831)
English Carolina slabshell for Elliptio congaraea (I. Lea, 1831)
English catspaw for Epioblasma obliquata (Rafinesque, 1820)
English Cherokee pigtoe for Pleurobema hartmanianum (I. Lea, 1860)
English Chinese pondmussel for Sinanodonta woodiana (I. Lea, 1834)
English Chipola slabshell for Elliptio chipolaensis (B. Walker, 1905)
English Choctaw bean for Obovaria choctawensis (Athearn, 1964)
English clubshell for Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819)
English Coosa creekshell [from synonym] for Villosa umbrans (I. Lea, 1857)
English Coosa Elktoe for Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn, 1964
English Coosa fiveridge for Amblema elliottii (I. Lea, 1857)
English Coosa mocassinshell for Medionidus parvulus (I. Lea, 1860)
English Coosa orb [from synonym] for Cyclonaias kieneriana (I. Lea, 1852)
English Coosa pigtoe for Pleurobema stabile (I. Lea, 1861)
English cracking pearlymussel for Hemistena lata (Rafinesque, 1820)
English creek heelsplitter for Lasmigona compressa (I. Lea, 1829)
English Creeper for Strophitus undulatus (Say, 1817)
English Cumberland bean for Venustaconcha troostensis (I. Lea, 1834)
English Cumberland Elktoe for Alasmidonta atropurpurea (Rafinesque, 1831)
English Cumberland leafshell for Epioblasma stewardsonii (I. Lea, 1852)
English Cumberland mocassinshell for Medionidus conradicus (I. Lea, 1834)
English Cumberland monkeyface for Theliderma intermedia (Conrad, 1836)
English Cumberland papershell for Anodontoides denigratus (I. Lea, 1852)
English Cumberland pigtoe for Pleuronaia gibber (I. Lea, 1838)
English Cumberlandian combshell for Epioblasma brevidens (I. Lea, 1831)
English Curtis perlymussel for Epioblasma curtisii (Frierson & Utterback, 1916)
English cylindrical papershell for Anodontoides ferussacianus (I. Lea, 1834)
English Cypress floater for Utterbackiana hartfieldorum (J. D. Williams, Bogan & Garner, 2009)
English deertoe for Truncilla truncata Rafinesque, 1820
English delicate spike for Elliptio arctata (Conrad, 1834)
English downy rainbow for Villosa villosa (B. H. Wright, 1898)
English dromedary pearlymussel for Dromus dromas (I. Lea, 1834)
English Duck River dartersnapper for Epioblasma ahlstedti J. W. Jones & Neves, 2010
English dwarf wedgemussel [from synonym] for Alasmidonta heterodon (I. Lea, 1829)
English Eastern creekshell for Villosa delumbis (Conrad, 1834)
English Eastern Elliptio for Elliptio complanata ([Lightfoot], 1786)
English Eastern Floater for Pyganodon cataracta (Say, 1817)
English Eastern Lampmussel for Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin, 1791)
English Eastern pondhorn for Uniomerus carolinianus (Bosc, 1801)
English Eastern pondmussel [from synonym] for Ligumia nasuta (Say, 1817)
English ebonyshell for Reginaia ebenus (I. Lea, 1831)
English elephantear for Elliptio crassidens (Lamarck, 1819)
English elktoe for Alasmidonta marginata Say, 1818
English ellipse for Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (Conrad, 1836)
English Etowah heelsplitter for Lasmigona etowaensis (Conrad, 1849)
English false spike for Fusconaia mitchelli (C. T. Simpson, 1895)
English fanshell for Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque, 1820)
English fat pocketbook for Potamilus capax (Green, 1832)
English fat threeridge for Amblema neislerii (I. Lea, 1858)
English fatmucket [from synonym] for Unio siliquoideus Barnes, 1823
English fawnsfoot for Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea, 1827)
English finelined pocketbook for Hamiota altilis (Conrad, 1834)
English finerayed pigtoe for Fusconaia cuneolus (I. Lea, 1840)
English flat floater for Utterbackiana suborbiculata (Say, 1831)
English flat pigtoe for Pleurobema marshalli Frierson, 1927
English Florida floater for Utterbackia peggyae (R. I. Johnson, 1965)
